Types of Circulatory Systems Open vs. Closed

The circulatory system serves to move blood to a site or sites where it can be oxygenated, and where wastes can be disposed. Circulation then serves to bring newly oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body. As oxygen and other chemicals diffuse out of the blood cells and into the fluid surrounding the cells of the bodys tissues, waste products diffuse into the blood cells to be carried away. Blood circulates through organs such as the liver and kidneys where wastes are removed and back to the lungs for a fresh dose of oxygen. And then the process repeats itself. This process of circulation is necessary for the continued life of the cells, tissues, and even of the whole organism. Before we talk about the heart, we should give a brief background of the two broad types of circulation found in animals. We will also discuss the progressive complexity of the heart as one moves up the evolutionary ladder. Many invertebrates do not have a circulatory system at all. Their cells are close enough to their environment for oxygen, other gasses, nutrients, and waste products to simply diffuse out of and into their cells. In animals with multiple layers of cells, especially land animals, this will not work, as their cells are too far from the external environment for simple osmosis and diffusion to function quickly enough in exchanging cellular wastes and needed material with the environment. Open Circulatory Systems In higher animals, there are two primary types of circulatory systems: open and closed. Arthropods and mollusks have an open circulatory system. In this type of system, there is neither a true heart nor capillaries as are found in humans. Instead of a heart, there are blood vessels that act as pumps to force the blood along. Instead of capillaries, blood vessels join directly with open sinuses. Blood, actually a combination of blood and interstitial fluid called hemolymph, is forced from the blood vessels into large sinuses, where it actually bathes the internal organs. Other vessels receive blood forced from these sinuses and conduct it back to the pumping vessels. It helps to imagine a bucket with two hoses coming out of it, these hoses connected to a squeeze bulb. As the bulb is squeezed, it forces the water along to the bucket. One hose will be shooting water into the bucket, the other is sucking water out of the bucket. Needless to say, this is a very inefficient system. Insects can get by with this type of system because they have numerous openings in their bodies (spiracles) that allow the blood to come into contact with air. Closed Circulatory Systems The closed circulatory system of some mollusks and all vertebrates and higher invertebrates is a much more efficient system. Here blood is pumped through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Capillaries surround the organs, making sure that all cells have an equal opportunity for nourishment and removal of their waste products. However, even closed circulatory systems differ as we move further up the evolutionary tree. One of the simplest types of closed circulatory systems is found in annelids such as the earthworm. Earthworms have two main blood vessels—a dorsal and a ventral vessel—which carry blood towards the head or the tail, respectively. Blood is moved along the dorsal vessel by waves of contraction in the wall of the vessel. These contractible waves are called peristalsis. In the anterior region of the worm, there are five pairs of vessels, which we loosely term hearts, that connect the dorsal and the ventral vessels. These connecting vessels function as rudimentary hearts and force the blood into the ventral vessel. Since the outer covering (the epidermis) of the earthworm is so thin and is constantly moist, there is ample opportunity for exchange of gasses, making this relatively inefficient system possible. There are also special organs in the earthworm for the removal of nitrogenous wastes. Still, blood can flow backward and the system is only slightly more efficient than the open system of insects. Two-Chambered Heart As we come to the vertebrates, we begin to find real efficiencies with the closed system. Fish possess one of the simplest types of true hearts. A fishs heart is a two-chambered organ composed of one atrium and one ventricle. The heart has muscular walls and a valve between its chambers. Blood is pumped from the heart to the gills, where it receives oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. Blood then moves on to the organs of the body, where nutrients, gasses, and wastes are exchanged. However, there is no division of the circulation between the respiratory organs and the rest of the body. That is, the blood travels in a circuit which takes blood from the  heart to gills to organs and back to the heart to start its circuitous journey again. Three-Chambered Heart Frogs have a three-chambered heart, consisting of two atria and a single ventricle. Blood leaving the ventricle passes into a forked aorta, where the blood has an equal opportunity to travel through a circuit of vessels leading to the lungs or a circuit leading to the other organs. Blood returning to the heart from the lungs passes into one atrium, while blood returning from the rest of the body passes into the other. Both atria empty into the single ventricle. While this makes sure that some blood always passes to the lungs and then back to the heart, the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the single ventricle means the organs are not getting blood saturated with oxygen. Still, for a cold-blooded creature like the frog, the system works well. Four-Chambered Heart Humans and all other mammals, as well as birds, have a four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles. Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood are not mixed. The four chambers ensure efficient and rapid movement of highly oxygenated blood to the organs of the body. This helps in thermal regulation and in rapid, sustained muscle movements.

Public Relations Case Study Blue Bell s Listeria Outbreak

Public Relations Case Study: Blue Bell’s Listeria Outbreak Blue Bell, America’s third largest ice cream company, was founded in Brenham, TX in 1907. Originally a butter manufacturer, Blue Bell decided to end the days of selling butter after increased sales of ice cream proved where the consumer demand existed – in ice cream. (Hem, 2006) After years of providing successful service and products to the consumer, tragedy struck. The Issue On a Monday morning, Blue Bell’s team made the decision to alert retailers to stop all sales of ice cream products due to a possible listeria contamination. (Abrams Tabuchi, 2015) Grocery stores throughout the South began clearing their frozen shelves and consumers became confused. It wasn’t until days†¦show more content†¦With each new location found to be contaminated came additional product lines that were found to contain listeria. After further investigations were conducted, the possibility that this was an issue caused by neglect became greater, and the trust from consumers became smaller. Since the initial determination of the severity of contamination, Blue Bell used the internet to express their apologies and assure the public they were working on a plan to correct this issue and gain their trust once again. Blue Bell utilized modern technology to speak to their customers personally, posting a video in which they stated they were â€Å"heartbroken ov er the situation† and they promised to â€Å"get it right† for their loyal customers. (New York Times, 2015) Publics Affected by the Outbreak Multiple publics were affected by this recall and the events that followed. The media received initial backlash due to the lack of consistent information being provided to the public. Not only were different reports being released, customers were also being given new information constantly, creating a sense of dishonesty among their audience. Not only did consumers feel let down and lied to during this massive recall, Blue Bell’s own employees were negatively impacted by the listeria outbreak. In May, Blue Bell 4 Blue Bell’s Listeria Outbreak reported that 37 percent of their workforce, 1,450 employees, had to be laid off due to the halt in production and profits. (Reagan, 2015) Many ofShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 PagesAn evaluation of an on-farm food safety program for Ontario greenh ouse vegetable producers; a global blueprint for fruit and vegetable producers A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies Of The University of Guelph by Benjamin J. Chapman In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science February, 2005 ( Benjamin Chapman, 2005 Abstract An evaluation of an on-farm food safety program for Ontario greenhouse vegetable producers; a globalRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesinvolving marketing (especially MBA candidates and senior undergraduates following business studies programmes) âž ¡ Students of The Chartered Institute of Marketing who are preparing for the Marketing Planning paper in the CIM’s Diploma examinations âž ¡ Marketing practitioners who will benefit from a comprehensive review of current thinking in the field of strategic marketing planning, implementation and control. Richard M S Wilson Colin Gilligan Overview of the book’s structure 1 Introduction Stage One

Double Address in Maria Edgeworths Literature free essay sample

A paper which analyzes Lazy Lawrence and The Birthday Present by childrens writer Maria Edgeworth and examines how her books are also directed to adult readers. The paper shows that as can be demonstrated through `Lazy Lawrence` and `The Birthday Present,` Maria Edgeworths stories are carefully designed to appeal to the child reader, and teach them morals. However, a double address is also highly evident at frequent intervals, in which the adult, or more specifically the parent, is also confronted by certain ideology. The paper examines that despite this dual appeal to both child and adult, it is clear that the child is Edgeworths most significant target audience, through the constant attempt to fully involve the child in the text. The essay also explores the moral lessons of these stories. `The terms in which the stories are written are a significant factor defining children as the most important audience in the two stories. We will write a custom essay sample on Double Address in Maria Edgeworths Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In both it is apparent that the world in which the protagonists operate is that recognizable by the child. All aspects of the texts are chosen so as to enhance the childs understanding of a situation, in order to convey the more complicated moral at hand. In Lazy Lawrence when Jem works to save money it is triggered by the threat of the loss of his horse, a dearly beloved pet that could be exchanged in any childs mind with a sentimentally precious toy or animal. Understanding the significance of such a loss, the child follows eagerly the story, already in support of Jems brave, industrious spirit.`

Online Branding the Case of Mcdonalds free essay sample

The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/researchregister The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/0007-070X. htm BFJ 106,3 CASE STUDY 228 Online branding: the case of McDonald’s Jennifer Rowley School for Business and Regional Development, University of Wales, Bangor, UK Keywords Internet, Corporate branding, Customer relations, Marketing communication Abstract This article explores the approaches to the delivery of brand messages through a Web site, taking one of the leading brands, McDonald’s, as a case study. The role of brands and branding in the new economy that is characterised by digitisation and globalisation is attracting considerable attention. McDonald’s recent â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† campaign, is being integrated through every element of the business, including its Web site; this campaign therefore presents a useful opportunity to analyse the contribution of the Internet channel to brand building. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Branding: the Case of Mcdonalds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This case study analysis is conducted on two levels: how the Web site elements are enlisted to reinforce brand messages, and overarching brand strategy themes such as glocalisation, community and channel integration. Further research and development on online branding needs to explore effective strategies for integration of online branding with branding through other channels, and opportunities that the Internet offers for both e-service and brick service companies for building customer relationships and communities. Introduction A brand is not a name. A brand is not a positioning statement. It is not a marketing message. It is a promise made by a company to its customers and supported by that company (Sterne, 1999). I may have intelligent agents that can go out and assemble pages of reports on every camcorder on the market, but I don’t have time to read them. I’ll buy Sony (Sterne, 1999). British Food Journal Vol. 106 No. 3, 2004 pp. 228-237 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0007-070X DOI 10. 1108/00070700410528808 Online branding is discussed in nearly every book on e-marketing or e-business. Some argue that in a world of information overload, brands become ever more important, because they save the customer time, by reducing their search costs. Ward and Lee, 2000). This position can be further developed by arguing that brand building will be increasingly important in providing continuity and customer commitment in a fast moving marketplace. In an electronic shopping environment where physical interaction is reduced and product qualities and bene? ts must be distilled and captured in a way that can be communicated over the wires, online branding may be increasingly important. Oth ers argue that with the wealth of information on the Web at their ? gertips, coupled with intelligent agents and search engines to help them locate the information, products and services that they need, users will no longer rely on the shorthand of brand. Instead they will gather detailed information on products and services and make their own judgements on the Online branding: suitability of a product, thereby making brands super? uous. the case of There is evidence to suggest that it is dif? cult to communicate an online McDonald’s brand in the absence of preconceptions already established through other channels. Many of the early dotcoms failed because they needed to establish presence and reputation quickly and the huge marketing budgets that this 229 required undermined their ? nancial stability. A key agenda has been to balance the need to protect and not corrupt established brands as established organisations enter risky â€Å"new marketplaces† while leveraging the brand equity of existing brands. In other words the issue has been to create a sense of â€Å"the same credibility, but a different presentation†. For example, at the symbolic level, Barnes Noble achieved this by retaining the of? ine parent brand Barnes Noble, but launched using the same name, but in a different presentation, barnesandnoble. com. The earlier click v. brick debate has now been replaced by a recognition that businesses need to take a new look their channels strategies, and to understand both the service and the marketing communication that customers want delivered through each channel, and to develop a robust multi-channel strategy. One perspective is to argue that it is necessary to integrate messages, but differentiate experience. For many businesses, like McDonald’s, core service delivery will always be through face-to- face interactions in real environments, but the Internet can play a pivotal role in marketing communications, and brand and relationship building. This article provides a case study analysis of the Internet presence of McDonald’s, and a review of some of the devices that it uses to build the brand through this channel. Case study methodology A case study approach has been adopted, because understanding of online branding is relatively undeveloped. Case study research is recognised to be suited to new research areas when a fresh perspective is needed (Eisenhardt, 1989). Case studies are a valuable way of looking at the world around us, and asking how or why questions (Yin, 1994). The case study design adopted in this article is a holistic single case design. Typically single case designs are appropriate when the case has something special to reveal. Single case studies may also be used as a preliminary or pilot in multiple case studies (Rowley, 2002). It is argued that the signi? ance of McDonald’s as a global brand makes it an appropriate focus for case study analysis. Both practitioners and academics may bene? t from a spotlight on this special case. McDonald’s has been chosen as the basis for this case study because it is a large global organisation, and one of the largest global brands. In 2001, McDonald’s was ranked in the world’s ten most valuable brands (Kotler, 2003). Where leaders go, others will follow. McDonald’s is the world’s leading food service retailer with more than 30,000 local McDonald’s restaurants serving 46 BFJ 106,3 30 million customers each day in more than 100 countries. An additional reason for selecting McDonald’s as the basis for this case study, was the launch of the â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† campaign on 29 September 2003. The theme and attitude of this full-scale campaign is being integrated into every aspect of the business, from crew training and the overall restaurant experience to national sponsorships, promotions, television, Internet, merchandising and new local street marketing. This is a campaign in which the Internet is a fully integrated marketing communication channel. The new brand and creative direction will be the strategic glue for world-wide marketing and advertising campaigns. In going forward, creative teams working on McDonald’s business throughout the world will execute the creative direction, including style, musical approach and theme-line in their own markets. Central to the US brand campaign, which is seen as a new way of â€Å"connecting with our customers† and seeks to â€Å"rekindle the emotional bond our customers have with McDonald’s through a campaign that depicts how people believe, what they love about life and what they love about McDonald’s†, are: . A new â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† commercial focussing on the family and Ronald McDonald. . A ? rst ever execution of the â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† theme in a new product spot. . Musical talent (including Justin Timberlake, The Clipse, and The Neptunes). . An exclusive partnership with professional skateboarders Tony Hawk. . Unique grassroots activities such as â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† swat teams across the country at sports and high pro? le events. This new campaign seeks to reinforce the traditional brand values of McDonald’s, such as fun, family, community and social responsibility. It retains and builds on the traditional brand logo, colours and other representation. This case study commences with an analysis of the way in which the various elements of the www. McDonalds. co. uk Web site are used to reinforce brand message, image and identity. It then moves on to explore the broader branding strategy themes of glocalisation, community and channel integration. Web site elements Web pages do not allow much scope for communicating messages as well as information about an organisation, and how to start navigating a site. Not only is the overall screen size for a home page relatively limited, but also Web pages need to be designed to accommodate the different generations of technology that might be available to individual users. The answer is to enlist all of the components of the Web site in marketing communication, as discussed below, and to make the brand message integral, rather than an add-on. Analysing the www. mcdonalds. co. uk Web site all of the following elements of the Web site are marshalled to communicate the overall brand Online branding: message of a fun experience: the case of . Logo. The golden arches logo, with the â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† banner underlining McDonald’s the arches appears relatively discretely on the home page, and in the same position on every other page. It is ever present, but takes a back seat. Some of the graphics relating to speci? c products also show the logo again. 231 . Graphics. Graphics includes pictures, logos, and other images are a visual representation of brand values. McDonald’s Web site is packed with graphics. There are inviting pictures of menu items that echo the images on display in menus in the restaurants, thereby reminding the visitor of previous visits, and inviting a revisit. Animation of images gives a sense of movement and dynamism; McDonald’s makes judicious use of animation. On the home page, a menu showing three of the products in their range at a time, slowly clicks up the screen, like a moving bill board. Messages are clearly associated with other movements. When the cursor is moved over the football icon, the footballer kicks the ball, and when the cursor is moved over the community icon, a small person passes through the door. When the McChicken Premiere was ? rst launched it was presented on the Web site though a â€Å"? lm trailer†. This week, â€Å"Big Tasty† has a series of slide displays leading into the still image. Overall, however, movement is used selectively, and most of the screens are relatively still; too much movement can be irritating. . Text and copy. Text and copy sets the tone of voice, and determines whether a message is intelligent, comprehensible and relevant. Text helps to de? ne the brand’s personality, and to reinforce brand values consistently. Text is the site talking to the customer; the words determine what is said; the typeface determines the style of the communication. The McDonald’s Web site adopts a mixture of promotion and information provision. Information provision is typically signalled by the use of black text on a white background, while promotional text, such as the names of products or prices is often larger and shown in one of a number of colours. For example, the online menu â€Å"The Main Menu† provides information, but in a style designed to promote and encourage desire. A rather differently presented feature is the Ingredients list. The Ingredients list is in a new window with small black text on a white background. This lends authority to the information, and makes the text look like printed text. Type face is also carefully selected; a corporate modern typeface is used for most of the promotional text and the Web site menu option labels. Variations in type size are used to attract attention. The Kids Zone has much more funky â€Å"Word Art† type text, coupled with more movement than elsewhere on the site. Much of the text is clear, one or two word labels, but occasional invitations to engage such as â€Å"Did you BFJ 106,3 232 . . . . . know? † are used to draw the surfer in to the dialogue. Apologies if it’s a bit wonky; that’s what you get for using chicken breast ? llets† injects some light humour. As well as communicating a welcome to users, and inviting them into the site, text needs to echo the thoughts that the user brings to the site. Currency and news. Currency is important. It communicates a live and dynamic Web site, an organisation that is interest ed in ensuring that users have access to the latest information. Users need new information to encourage them to revisit. Currency is conveyed through the McDonald’s Web site through new product promotions, and changes to the promotion of speci? products. â€Å"Season’s eating’s† on the Terry’s chocolate orange McFlurry advert is a low key, and culturally neutral way of acknowledging the approach of Christmas, and New Year. Colour. Arguably the strongest reminder of the brand is in the colour of the background to the site. The MacDonald’s bright â€Å"fun loving† red acts as a frame for all other images on the Web site. In addition, the Web site makes generous use of bright, even garish primary colours. The golden arches yellow and the burger â€Å"orange† appear frequently, but so do green, purple, blue and pink. The Web site framing uses blocks of colour and menus are typically displayed in bright green, yellow or orange. Products designed for children, such as the New Fruity are treated to even more garish blocks of colour, whereas products designed for a more sophisticated audience, such as the new pasta salads, are presented in white and subtle pastels. Shapes. What do shapes say? Shapes are used in many ways on Web sites, including: shapes of pictures or graphics, shapes of buttons, and shapes of menu option displays. Even small features such as round corners on menu boxes, instead of square corners may communicate a difference of style and approach to service. The choice of typeface and its consistency with other shapes is also an important feature. The golden arches can be seen to be echoed in the shape of a red heart on one the pages dealing with the community involvement. Food products are typically shown in rectangular boxes, but some of the box may be colour blocked, and the edge of the colour blocking is typically curved. Layout and combination of images. The overall layout of a Web page can be used as a metaphor. The metaphor of a game, with dials and buttons to press is used in the Kids Zone. Elsewhere the metaphor of â€Å"menu† is used quite widely. Wallpapers and screen savers. These are featured in the â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† campaign. These can be downloaded, and can provide customers with an ever-present reminder of Big M. Glocalisation Online branding: Web sites are globally accessible; the Internet has made world-wide branding the case of possible, and indeed, whatever targeting marketers may intend for an online McDonald’s brand, the Web site will be seen by other audiences. Language, symbols and colours often do not translate across different countries and culture. Branding may be world wide, but preferences are local. Global brands have sought to 233 identify with values that are common to many communities such as safety, style and status and service, but these need to be represented in different ways in different national contexts McDonald’s maintains a Web site for each of the countries in which it operates. These are listed on the corporate Web site, www. McDonalds. com The corporate Web site is less focussed on speci? products than country Web sites, and tends instead to emphasise corporate statements and policies such as people promise, franchising, investors, social responsibility, careers, and Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC). Most of these themes are re-echoed through country Web sites, but the detail and design differs. Comparisons were conducted between www. mcdonalds. com. au, www. mcdonalds. co. uk and www. mcdonalds. com. hk Comparing the Australian Web site with the one for the UK, the key menu options on the site have much in common: . The Australian Web site has as main menu items: Our food, What’s new, Inside McDonald’s, Community, Restaurant locator, and Contact us. . The UK Web site had as main menu items: Kids Zone, Football, Our Food, Mc Choice, New Tasks, Community, Offers and Mac. On the Australian site football is replaced with images of body boarders on their way to the beach. In response to national concerns that 50 per cent of Australians do not eat breakfast prominence is given to the launch of an extended breakfast menu. Burger promotion refers to Australian beef, whereas, presumably UK customers are disinterested in the origins of their beef? Also the Australian Web site offers more data on food sensitivities than are available through the UK Web site. A visit to McDonald’s Hong Kong Web site www. mcdonalds. com. hk reveals the very blatant differences, of language, ethnicity of people in pictures, and prices in HK$. Also, other parts of the Web site, such as the Career people philosophy, has a â€Å"Far Eastern† tinge. Not surprisingly the use of the yellow, orange and red as dominant colours and the golden arch logo underlined by â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† at around the same size appears on all sites, and acts as the branding glue. Community There are two reasons why the concept of community is an interesting aspect of McDonald’s online presence: BFJ 106,3 (1) The way in which the Web site is used to promote and communicate McDonald’s values around community involvement and environmental and social responsibility. (2) The creation of online communities associated with the brand: One of McDonald’s most important principles has always been to support the communities in which it operates. McDonald’s restaurants are, by their nature sociable places, intrinsically linked to local community life (www. cdonalds. co. uk). 234 Identi? cation with community is at the core of McDonald’s value set. McDonald’s embraces the concept of corporate citizenship and social responsibility, and seeks to engage with local communities and to be environmentally responsible in relation to the processes associated with its products. This is communicated through the Web site through providing info rmation about McDonald’s community activities, and also through the opportunities that the Web site offers to engage with communities associated with loyalty schemes. The Web sites contain information about the Ronald McDonald Children’s Charities (RMCC) which provides accommodation, fundraising, and special needs grants in support of children’s causes. The Football section on the UK Web site gives details of how McDonald’s is boosting grassroots football over the next four years by funding through partnerships with all four of the UK’s leading football bodies. The McDonald’s Advantage Club, details of which can be located on the Web site, offers a newsletter, special events, and prize draws. The UK Web site also carries an announcement of the recovery card that gives special offers to students. Environmental messages are communicated through information on the provenance of ingredients. For example, the Web site assures customers that â€Å"the welfare of our chickens is always a priority†. Attention is drawn to McDonald’s achievement of the Good Egg Award from the British Free Range Egg Producer’s Association; this award acknowledges McDonald’s commitment to animal welfare. All of the eggs used in McDonald’s breakfasts are free range. Virtual or online communities are viewed as one of the essential components of successful Web presence (Hagel, 1999). Community makes it possible for businesses to collect and leverage knowledge about their customer base (Rowley, 2001, Kannan et al. , 2001). Kozinets (1998) identi? es a speci? c type of online community, which is relevant to the present case: virtual communities of consumption. McDonald’s have focussed their online community building on communities for children. Two different initiatives are worthy of note: (1) On the Australian Web site there is a Happy Meal Web site. The Happy Meal Web site seeks to offer a â€Å"safe haven† where parents feel con? dent in the security of the content. Offensive language can be blocked by keyword ? ters. Content was developed around the concept of â€Å"edutainment†. The site offers children word, number, name, colour and sound games, and requires that children gain parental permission before they interact. The database of users is growing at an average of 7 Online branding: per cent per month with new games added every month ( www. tribalddb. the case of com. au/casestudies/McHappyMeal. asp). McDonald’s (2) At www. MacDonalds. co. uk there is a Kids Zone. This includes details of the latest happy meal, e-cards, online games, and a paint box. The Web site makes use of bright colours, and large easy to read writing. 35 Channel integration The earlier click v. brick debate has now been replaced by a recognition that businesses need to take a new look their channel strategies, and to understand both the service and the marketing communication that customers want delivered through each channel, and to develop a robust multi-channel strategy. (Kotler, 2003). McDonald’s in Australia have been involved in a number of campaigns that make innovative use of parallel channels, and that seek to drive audiences from one channel to another, and thereby enhance the intensity of interaction with the brand. These campaigns include the following: . www. rockybeach. om was created as an online extension to the new Big Mac television promotion. Television viewers were driven to the Web site. To develop a strong online community and encourage repeat visits, the site provided a real time community channel to the Big Mac television commercial characters, Josh, Dave, Jesse, Buzz, and Sandy. The content of the site was constructed to appear alive and provide real-time community features. It also incorporated a weekly newsletter, and an interactive online game based on the site characters where registered users could play for a range of prizes such as: mobile phones, CDs, movie passes, clothes and body boards. The â€Å"Cool Train† campaign launched in Australia in 2003 was designed to communicate the New Tastes Menu range in a way that was visually engaging and encouraged viewers to actively interact with the brand. A television commercial featured a covert phone number on a fast moving train. Viewers could then SMS or phone to get further information; they were then directed to unlock a secret Web site from which participants could apply for the opportunity to feature in a future McDonald’s television commercial. Final candidates were selected and featured in the April â€Å"Ragin Cajun† Burger TV campaign. The TV campaign was further supported by Nova FM, who actively promoted â€Å"Cool Train† on air. This combination of channels, including television, radio, SMS and the Web created a new type of brand interaction opportunity. . The Whereisbob? Campaign also made effective use of integrated channels, to build brand engagement, and online community. The campaign was designed to drive awareness and sales of the new BFJ 106,3 236 . McDonald’s Summer Event, which included the Beach Burger and Hotcakes with new Blueberry Sauce. Television advertisements, featuring the URL, introduced the Bob character getting lost on a beach with a Beach Burger. By going online and ? nding Bob on a virtual beach, viewers/players were entitled to a free desert voucher for each beach burger meal purchased. Tactically the game had to be easy enough to allow users to ? nd Bob without losing interest, but sticky enough to reinforce the brand message. The target market, 16-24 year olds are the heaviest users of the Internet. All of the opt-in participants for the earlier Rocky Beach campaign (21,000 people) were e-mailed invitations to take part. More than 20,000 new players spent an average of seven minutes at the site (www. tribalddb. com. au/news/whereisbob_roi. asp). The ? rst of a planned series of McDonald’s Internet cafes opened in ? Melbourne recently with 11 terminals at which cafe customers can surf the net, e-mail, and deal with business documents. Aimed at the student/travellers marker, customers can purchase cards for $2/4/6 allowing them 20/40/60 minutes of Internet access. The consumer interface, including login, screensaver , help and desktop is available in English, German, Japanese and Mandarin. Conclusion Online branding is at an interesting point of development. Many organisations recognise the need for integrated marketing communications across of? ne and online channels. This makes it dif? cult to differentiate, both practically and theoretically, between online and of? ine branding. On the other hand, branding in online environments poses a suf? cient range of challenges and opportunities that it is important to shine the spotlight on branding in digital environments, and to explore some of the potential impacts of online channels for branding strategy. This case study analyses aspects of the online branding approach for a signi? cant global brand. For McDonald’s, the online channel is strictly a marketing communications channel with delivery through restaurants. The online channel is therefore enlisted to reinforce brand messages, and relationships. Key aspects of the strategic value set, such as engagement with local community are promoted through Web sites. Integration of online branding has been further promoted by speci? c campaigns that drive customers between channels. Businesses need to develop integrated brand strategies. Brand presence and experience in the virtual world must mirror presence and experience in the real world, but also add value, or another dimension to the overall brand experience. Further research into the arena of online branding will be of potential interest to both academics and practitioners. The question at the centre of future research has to be: â€Å"How can online branding help to raise awareness and promote customer relationships and identi? cation with the brand? †. This Online branding: core question might splinter into a number of sub-questions, such as: the case of . Is online branding only concerned with rational and cognitive aspects of McDonald’s brand engagement, or can it also facilitate and promote emotional and af? nitive brand engagement? What is the difference in the role and impact of online branding, between 237 those businesses that are using the Internet solely for marketing communications, and those businesses that are using the Internet for both marketing communication and service delivery? . Which audiences are most amenable to incentives designed to drive them between channels, and thereby enhance their interaction with the brand? . In what ways are online communities representative of a brand’s total customer community? . What is the stability of online communities and audiences, and how can stability of such communities be enhanced? References Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989), â€Å"Building theories from case study research†, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 532-50. Hagel, J. (1999), â€Å"Net gain: expanding markets through virtual communities†, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 55-65. Kannan, P. K. , Chang, A. -M. and Whinston, A. B. (2001), â€Å"E-business and the intermediary role of virtual communities†, in Barnes, S. and Hunt, B. (Eds), E-commerce and V-business: Business Models for Global Success, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 67-82. Kotler, P. 2003), Marketing Management, 11th ed. , Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kozinets, R. (1998), â€Å"On netography; initial re? ections on consumer research investigations of cyberculture†, in Alba, J. and Hutchinson, W. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 25, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, pp. 366-71. Rowley, J. (2001), â€Å"Online communities: stabilising e-business†, G lobal Business Economics Review, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 84-93. Rowley, J. (2002), â€Å"Using case studies in research†, Management Research News, Vol. 23 No. 5/6, pp. 20-7. Sterne, J. 1999), World Wide Web Marketing, 2nd ed. , Wiley, New York, NY. Ward, M. and Lee, M. (2000), â€Å"Internet shopping, consumer search and product branding†, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 6-20. Yin, R. K. (1994), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 2nd ed. , Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Further reading Leitch, S. and Richardson, N. (2003), â€Å"Corporate branding in the new economy†, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37 No. 7/8, pp. 1065-800. Ties, A. and Ries, L. (2000), The 11 Immutable Laws of Internet Branding, HarperCollins Business, London.

History of Multiculturalism in Business

A Thousand Splendid Sunsâ€Discussion Questions

'A Thousand Splendid Suns'- Discussion Questions A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini is superbly written, has a page-turning story, and will help your book club learn more about Afghanistan. Use these book club discussion questions to probe deeper into the story. Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details from the novel. Finish the book before reading on! Discussion Questions What did A Thousand Splendid Suns teach you about the history of Afghanistan? Did anything surprise you?Mariam’s mother says: Women like us. We endure. It’s all we have. In what ways is this true? How do Mariam and Laila endure? How is their endurance different from the ways their mothers faced their trials?Several times Mariam passes herself off as Lailas mother. In what way is their relationship like mother-daughter? How did their own relationships with their mothers shape how they treated each other and their family?What is the significance of Lailas childhood trip to see the giant stone Buddhas above the Bamiyan Valley? Why did her father take her on this trip? How did his influence shape the way Laila would cope with her future?Afghanistan changes rulers several times in the story. During the Soviet occupation, the people felt life would be better once the foreigners were defeated. Why do you think the quality of life deteriorated after the occupation rather than r eturning to the way it was in the pre-communist era? When the Taliban first enter the city, Laila does not believe women will tolerate being forced out of jobs and treated with such indignity. Why do the educated women of Kabul endure such treatment? Why are the Taliban accepted?The Taliban forbid writing books, watching films, and painting pictures; yet the film Titanic becomes a sensation on the black market. Why would people risk the Taliban’s violence to watch the film? Why do you think this particular film became so popular? How does Hosseini use films throughout the novel to symbolize relationships between people and the state of the country (i.e. Jalils theater, Tariq Lailas outings to the movies)?Were you surprised when Tariq returned? Had you suspected the depth of Rasheeds deceit?Why does Mariam refuse to call witnesses at her trial? Why didnt she try to escape with Laila and Tariq? Do you think Mariam made the right decision? Even though her life was hard, Mariam wishes for more of it in the end. Why do you think tha t is? Do you think Laila and Tariq can be happy?Afghanistan is still in the news a lot. Do you think the situation will truly improve there?Rate A Thousand Splendid Suns on a scale of 1 to 5.

Queer studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Queer studies - Essay Example It has been used by women to monitor on the differences in gender and sexuality matters for the last two decades. Assemblage and intersectionality have however, been incompatible as they are not analogous when compared in terms of content or utility. Analytics have not be bring collectively the theory since they are oppositional. The restrictions and potential of every and what might be increased by viewing them from side to side and with each other. The force of each in the territory of political theory happens through planning of these two genealogies. The notions ton the political principles of women  awareness in invention which has been motivated by individual women, by the permission of intersectional analysis to find out what type of features are probable for feminist hypothesis (Hall, 2013). In What Concrete Ways Could Puar’s And Manalansan’s Analyses Be Exemplifying What Eng, Halberstam and Munoz Calls for to be â€Å"A Renewed Queer Studies Ever Vigilant To The Fact That Sexuality Is Intersectional†? Make Sure To Discuss Both Puar And Manalansan. Around 1990 queer emerged into public consciousness. It had been a term that challenged the normalizing mechanisms of state power to call its sexual subjects: male or feminine, married or single, heterosexual or homosexual, natural or perverse. Given its commitment to interrogating the social processes that not solely created and recognized however conjointly normalized and sustained identity, the political promise of the term resided speci?cally units broad critique of multiple social antagonisms, as well as race, gender, class, position, and religion, additionally to gender. The modern mainstreaming of gay and lesbian identity—as a mass-mediated shopper lifestyle and embattled legal category—demands a revived queer studies ever wakeful to the actual fact that sex is intersectional, not extraneous to other modes of distinction, and label to a ?rm understanding of queer as a political image whereas not a?xed referent (Beemyn & Eliason, 1996). A revived queer studies, moreover, insists on a broadened thought of the late-twentieth-century international crises that have con?gured historical relations among political economies, the politics of war and terror, and national manifestations of sexual, racial, and gendered hierarchies. The following sixteen essays—largely authored by a younger generation of queer scholars—map out academic degree imperative intellectual and political piece of ground for queer studies and conjointly the trendy politics of identity, kinship, and belonging. insistence on queer studies’ intellectual and political relevance to an honest ?eld of social critique, these essays worth variety of the ?elds most very important theoretical insights whereas realigning its political attentions, historical foci, and disciplinary accounts. Broadly, these scholars examine the boundaries of queer philosophy, the denaturalizi ng potentials of queer diasporas, and conjointly the rising assumptions of what may well be called queer liberalism. Jointly, they rethink queer critique in respect to a number of historical emergencies, to borrow from Bruno Walter Benjamin, of every national and international consequence (Johnson & Henderson, 2005). References Hall, D. (2013). The Routledge queer studies reader. London: Routledge. Johnson, E. P., & Henderson, M. (2005). Black queer studies: A critical anthology. Durham, NC: Duke

Journal Of Course Readings Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal Of Course Readings - Coursework Example Nevertheless its study is still of great importance in order to grasp the dynamics of the cognitive capacities of a human being. P.D. REYNOLDS A theory no matter how abstract it may be presented is still bound by reality, it can be a result of experiments, observations, or simply the product of insights on how something works or how it comes into existence. But ultimately these theories start with a simple idea. DAVID HUME To further delve into the concept of what actually is an idea and what gives birth to it, there is a need to understand its origins. In or daily existence we perceive a lot of things, which are consciously or unconsciously stored in our memory. Different perceptions stored in our minds in the form of memory or imagination mimic the sensations, perceived by the body’s five senses, in so far as representing the perception based on its characteristics. (e.g. how a body shivers whenever feeling cold) But can never fully copy the force of the actual perception fe lt by the body (Hume, 2008, p.7). Hence we often come across phrases such as â€Å"we can almost taste† what a certain food actually tastes like. Otherwise if no such limitation is placed, an individual would be able to transcend the need for physical contact or worse madness may set in. Feeling an emotion is different from thinking how that same emotion felt like. Thus it is worth noting that, of all the thoughts that an individual posses about different subjects that he or she had encountered, it is the vaguest of these thoughts that make a person’s ideas. If an individual does not have a clear perception in mind about a certain subject all the information pertaining to that subject will simply be impressions of the individual. Such impressions can be correct or incorrect, or based on the individuals innate nature or referenced from another impression. Thus we can also come across a phrase like, â€Å"I was under the impression† that this was how it was suppos ed to be done. KARL POPPER Due to an individual’s orientation and or nature one can develop ideas into theories, scientific or non scientific in nature, and through the criticism that these theories yields more objective knowledge as it opens the door to more questions and possibilities for its own improvement or paves the way for it to be debunked. Nonetheless the process of criticizing a theory rather than holding on to its proposed validity ensures that it is cleared of any biases, and false claims thus promoting objectivity even more. T. KUHN Furthermore if a theory can be criticized then it is not farfetched that a deviation from a long standing train of thought brought about by a theory is possible. A paradigm shift, or an event of deviation from a widely known belief founded to incur several anomalies. Hence, a shift is needed, once an established theory is proven to be unprecedented and sufficiently open-ended. Much like in conducting an experiment, in order to prove its validity, repetitive experiments are done to gain acceptance in the research community. There are different kinds of paradigm which can explain parts and parcel of different events. Such weakness prevents them to gain notable success. Paradigm shift is a radical idea in expounding and establishing new concepts that contributes to contemporary beliefs and making them more sophisticated and comprehensive theories.

Operation Iraqi Freedom Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operation Iraqi Freedom - Research Proposal Example The Operation Iraqi Freedom is also called the Second Gulf War or the War in Iraq. It is a military operation that is still on and began in March 2003. The military comprises mainly the US and UK troops and backed in smaller proportions by troops from Denmark, Australia, Poland and a few other countries. This operation was publicly supported by all the Arab nations. However, NATO did not publicly support this invasion and the Eastern European nations were willing to support the operation. Earlier before this operation, Iraq was believed to possess weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The WMD present a threat to the national security of Western countries. UK totally supported this assessment while France, Russia and Germany did not. The United Nations inspector of weapons however did not find any evidence of WMD. This raised the support to earlier criticisms about this war. After this invasion, the Iraq Survey Group made a conclusion that Iraq stopped its WMD projects in 1991 and did no t have WMD programs at that moment but intended to resume the programs once Iraq sanctions were lifted. The US also claimed that Iraq supported financially the families of suicide bombers in Palestine. More accusations included abuse of human rights by the government and lack of democracy in Iraq. The Iraqi military was defeated and Saddam Hussein executed. The US led coalition tried to install a new democratic government. This caused violence against the coalition forces. Many Iraqis lost their lives and millions sought refuge. The failure Iraqi reconstruction is viewed by many as having failed. The lucrative contracts have failed to show any signs of improving the country's infrastructure. Contracts for rebuilding the Iraqi infrastructure were given without competitive bidding. These contract awarding was the responsibility of the US Agency for International Development. Mistakes were committed just after the Iraqi invasion. Four years after the Iraqi military campaign about 21 billion dollars were used. However, Iraq now produces less oil and electricity than it was before the war. The plan to reconstruct the country was a poor one. Plenty of scandals erupted after the war. Reconstruction contracts were given out without any competition. Beneficiaries of these contracts include Kellogg Brown and Root and Bechtel. Both companies are closely linked to the Bush Administration. It is a great scandal that even the humble infrastructure before the war was not saved and the reconstruction's planning was very poor. Output from the money spent on rebuilding is just a fraction of what the Iraqis expected. The original plan the largest portion of the money, 5.56 billion dollars, was to improve electricity production. It would upgrade power stations, transmitting of power and distributing. That was reduced to 4.24 billion dollars. Oil projects had their 1.89 billion dollars reduced to

Analysis of Barbara Kruger

Analysis of Barbara Kruger For this short essay writing I get an example of single contemporary artist Barbara Kruger. Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist. A lot of her effort consists of black and white photographs overlaid with declarative captions-in white-on-red Futura Bold Oblique. The phrases in her works frequently consist of use of pronouns such as you, your, I, we, and they. I begin my essay with the retort how Barbara Kruger be considered illustrative of Baudrillards or Barthes theories. Postmodernism was born out of a response in opposition to the policy of Modernism. Most particularly, Postmodern artists discarded the Modernist obsession with the aesthetic and began by questioning the recognized qualities tied to this aesthetic. As the Postmodern movement progressed, this critique intensified and moved beyond simply formal concerns; artists also began criticizing many underlying notions of Modernism, together with ideas about creativity and authority. Simultaneously, French philosophers Roland Barthes and Jean Baudrillard introduced theories concerning the rising artistic practices of appropriation and simulation. Barthes, in his elaboration on the theory of appropriation, described principles and practices that a lot of artists were employing in their critiques on Modernism. The work of American artist Barbara Kruger gives the most powerful embodimen t of Barthes theories of appropriation. Roland Barthes, in his 1967 essay The Death of the Author, stripped mutually authority and authorship from artists and writers, declaring, A text is not a line of words releasing a single theological meaning (the message of the Author-God), but a multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them new, blend and collide. This theory not only described the postmodern artistic practices of the time, but it undermined Modernisms lofty goals and claims of creating original artwork. According to Barthes, no author or artist creates something new and unique. Instead, every formed thing is a recycled regurgitation of that which preceded it. As Postmodernism continued to develop, many artists not only acknowledged Barthess denouncement of originality but also embraced it as a means through which to further critique the works and tenets of Modernism. These artists favored the readymade object as more powerful than the supposedly new crafted objects shaped by Modernist artists. By openly acknowledging the process of appropriation that occurs within the manufacture of all art, these artists leveraged the power of pre-existing imagery and signs to produce new works with multiple layers and multiple meanings. Barbara Kruger began her career as a graphic designer and commercial artist for publications and magazines such as Mademoiselle. Her work as a postmodern artist began to garner attention in the early 1980s; about fifteen years later than Barthes published The Death of the Author. Krugers experience in the profitable design world greatly influenced her work both officially and philosophically. She embraced both the imagery and language of advertising, combining black and white photographs with ambiguous but accusatory statements in collage-like presentations. But she concurrently rejected the philosophies of commercial advertising and the majority, by raising questions concerning gender equality, consumerism, and stereotypes. Regarding the state of culture, In Untitled (Your Comfort is My Silence), 1981, Kruger combined a black and white image of a mans head with his index finger over his mouth and two lines of text reading, Your comfort is my silence. The initial two words cover the mans eyes, further eliminating his exact identity and reducing him to a generic symbol of masculine dominance and control. The text is presented in a combination of black text over white rectangles and white text in red rectangles in a cut-and-paste manner. By employing collage to join pre-existing imagery with authoritative statements, Kruger practices the appropriation that Barthes described. Krugers work also assigns an interpretive role to both the viewer and culture at large, as posited by Barthes. By keeping her statements to some extent cryptic or ambiguous, Kruger forces viewers to build meaning from their own earlier experiences, thereby actively participating in the procedure of appropriation. In addition I am going to cover the answers of is it simplistic for an artist to rely heavily on theory, Does good art go beyond theory and Are these original works? While Kruger and other artists who deliberately practice appropriation are most likely aware of Barthess philosophies and statements, it is hard to say how much their work and practice is shaped by such theory. Oftentimes theory seems somewhat reflexive to contemporary practices; critics notice existing artistic trends and then posit theories and extend technical language to describe such practices. As such, one could disagree that artistic practice influences theory just as much as theory influences the practice that follows. Certainly theory plays some role in virtually every piece or work of art, even if the producer or artist is unaware of it. Sometimes, the identical theory can even direct artists in two completely different or opposing directions. Modern theory, for example, called for aesthetic experience and form al purity, and many artists worked to attain the ideal representation of these criteria. Postmodern practice should not be viewed as alike attempt to perfectly render the theories of Postmodernism; rather, it is more perfectly a reaction against the tenets of Modern theory. From my point of view it seems then that theory and practice share a somewhat cyclical relationship. Artists produce new work, and then critics develop theories and language to describe it. Other artists take these newly-formed theories as information for what constitutes art at the time and turn out their art accordingly. After a period of extremely following the most recently canonized theories, other artists consciously operate outside of the dominant theory or refuse it altogether and produce another new type of work. This appears to be a recurring trend in the relationship among art theory and art practice. The work of artists such as Barbara Kruger, poses many essential questions and reiterates those raised by Roland Barthes. Although such artists intentionally employ the process of appropriation in producing their artwork, their works are no less original than that of other artists. Even Modernist painters, who so adamantly strove for originality and uniqueness, operated within the framework and visual language of the preceding millennia of art and history. As Barthes says, The writer [or artist] can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, not at all original. Possibly this means that, concurrently, not anything is original and everything is original.

Key Points for the Defense of American Exceptionalism Essay

American Exceptionalism is the idea that America is founded on a creed. That creed is to spread liberty, freedom, and democracy to the rest of the world. G.K. Chesterton stated, â€Å"America is the only nation in the world that is founded on a creed.† The creed he mentions is stated in the Declaration of Independence. In the preamble, it is said that, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† In saying this, we affirm that everyone should be treated equally with all of their basic rights. However many countries in the world do not support this view. We, as citizens of the United States of America, are to spread this ideal throughout the world. Many Americans support this theory of American Exceptionalism by fighting for America, supporting or working for the American government, or just going out into the world to underprivileged, developing nations as an American. American Exceptionalism is still thriving today and has throughout the history of America. As Seymour Martin Lipset states in his book, American Exceptionalism: A Double Edged Sword, America is not like the other European nations that our Founding Fathers came from. He states that if you are a Frenchman, it is not because you believe in French values; it is because you live in France. You are American by believing in American values. You can’t be un-French, un-British, or un-German just because you don’t agree with what the nation stands for. However, you can be un-American by not believing in American values or what America stands for. This sets America apart from other nations. America has a national identity. We have a common set of values and beliefs unlike any other nation in the world. These values and beliefs are at the very core of American Exceptionalism. These are that America should be a l ight to the world. America has a duty, and this duty is to spread freedom and liberty to the oppressed, the poor, the mislead, and the entire world. It is these values that have driven America to take some of the actions it has in its  past. For example, America decided to intervene in the Vietnam and Korean wars. In both cases America intervened to stop the spread of Communism. In The Limits of Power by Andrew J. Eacezich, he argues that the governement is using the idea of American Exceptionalism to cover their own agenda. He says that American Exceptionalism is a false ideal created by the government to get people to go along with the wars supported by the government. The reason that this is a incorrect theory, is that American Exceptionalism was created by the people, not the government. The people believe in American Exceptionalism because they know that it is true and that it exists. If there was no support for American Exceptionalism, then there would be know way that we would still be able to have our troops in the Middle East. American Exceptionalism one of the reasons that we went over and it is the sole reason that we have been able to stay over there without a major outcry from the general public. Most people think about American Exceptionalism being through wars and conquest, however it has a peaceful aspect to it also. For example, the United States Navy has two hospital ships that sail around the world to provide comfort and relief to developing nations and nations in need around the world. They currently have two hospital ships in service, the USNS Comfort and the USNS Mercy. These ships provide relief to people who are desperate for medical attention. These are people in places that would likely not be able to aquire medical treatment if not for these ships. They treat everything from minor bacterial infections, to life-threatening tumors growing inside of people. This exemplifies American Exceptionalism because it is setting an example for the rest of the world. These ships are quality medical centers staffed by trained medical personnel. The United States also runs multiple other programs around the world to help with relief and support. For example, the United States has multiple relief programs in Africa for refugees. The refugees come from countries where there is civil war tearing apart their communites. They are forced to flee for their saftey, their freedom, and even their lives. The United States helps support refugee camps throughout the world so these people can return to their former lives as soon as possible. However, American Exceptionalism is not limited to just actions of the government. The American people are also spreading the creed of liberty, freedom, and democracy. For example, the American government is not the only source of  supplies for African refugees. The Red Cross is also a huge source of supplies for refugees. They accept donations to buy massive quantities of relief foods and other supplies to help people around the world. The Red Cross also provides relief for people affected by natural disasters. An example of this would be the tsunami that affected most of the countries on the Indian Ocean in 2004. Another one would be when the tsunami hit in Japan 2011 and caused the nuclear leaks along with the regular affects. In both of these cases American citizens sent support to the rest of the world through donations and direct volunteering for the Red Cross. Americans also go on many mission trips throughout the world. These people are usually on missions for churches to spread their religion with people in other countries. However, while they are over there, they also typically help improve the quality of life for the natives as much as they can. This involves building schools, washing them, and many other things like it. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States saw a big surge in immigration from other countries. Many people decided to come to the United States because they heard about how great it was. They would come on huge ships from Europe and be greeted by the Statue of Liberty when they arrived. If American Exceptionalism did not exist, then what reason did they immigrants have for taking the dangerous journey across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in a rickety ship? When the immigrants arrived, there were some cases where they were treated rudely, but for the most part, the immigrants were accepted into the society. Most people went into the society and mixed right in. This is the reason that America is called the â€Å"mixing pot of the world.† These reasons show ho w American Exceptionalism is still here today. There are many supporting details that show how American Exceptionalism does exist and that the age of American Exceptionalism is not over. From the government to the people of the United States, everybody helps to spread the creed America was founded on. Works Cited Chesterton, G. K. What I Saw in America. New York, New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1922. Eacezich, Andrew J. The Limits of Power. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books, 2008. Lewis, V. Bradley. â€Å"American Exceptionalism.† America 3 10 2011: 19-22. Lipset, Seymour Martin. American Exceptionalism: A Double Edged Sword. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1996. National Archives of the United States of America. â€Å"Declaration of Independence.† National Archives. 30 11 2012.

The Garden of Love

This poem uses the deterioration of an Edenic garden to represent the corrupting effect of organised religion upon our internal state of being. Blake's ‘The Garden of Love' functions as a criticism upon organised religion, poignantly reflecting on its capacity to replace humanity's innocent joys with rules and empty routines. Stanza 1 The name ‘Garden of Love' almost appears hackneyed through its traditional, Edenic connotations. It is a representation of innocence, with green, open spaces often being associated with childhood in Blake's poetry. The speaker comments that they saw â€Å"what [they] never had seen†, which seems to imply that something material has changed external to themselves, namely the altered landscape that is subsequently detailed; however, this poem, in the context of the ‘Songs of Innocence and Experience', symbolises an internal fall from innocence, and it is therefore only the speaker's perspective that has changed. The Church is then introduced as the object of the poet's condemnation, represented through the synecdoche of the â€Å"Chapel†. It is built â€Å"in the midst†, implying that organised religion is central to the corruption that infected the zeitgeist of the late 18th century. Furthermore, the aural suggestion of ‘mist' subtly evokes a somewhat disquieting image of the Chapel being shrouded in vapour, which is often a symbol of materialism in Blake and could therefore imply a preoccupation with wealth in Christianity. This contrasts with the â€Å"green†, a representation of childhood, where the speaker used to â€Å"play†, a verb with similar connotations. Stanza 2 The gates of the chapel are said to be â€Å"shut†, suggesting that the religiosity of the Church is an exclusive privilege. Indeed, Blake was very critical of an institution which effectively heralds its clergy as closer to God than ordinary worshippers; in his eyes, every human is equal before the natural order. He extends his condemnation to the Old Testament in the subsequent line, commenting that â€Å"Thou shalt not† was â€Å"writ over the door†. This is an allusion to the Ten Commandments, which Blake deemed to be overly regulatory; he instead put his faith into the New Testament, which conversely advises humanity as to how it should conduct itself, therefore placing a greater emphasis on free will. The speaker then â€Å"turn[s]† to the Garden of Love, unveiling a poignant tableau in which they realise that the green innocence of their youth, which â€Å"so many sweet flowers bore†, has become devastated beyond hope. The final stanza is extremely bleak, alluding to death through its evocation of â€Å"graves† and â€Å"tombstones†, which have now replaced the â€Å"flowers† of the speaker's youth. The poem ends with a rhyming couplet, whose swaying rhythm represents an endless cycle of innocence into experience, an idea reinforced by the use of language such as â€Å"rounds† and â€Å"briars†. The reference to priests confirms that this poem is an attack on organised religion, which has repressed our â€Å"joys and desires†. It therefore serves to mentally imprison us, acting, along with the government, monarchy and other formal institutions, as a fortification of experience.

What Are CEEB Codes Your Questions Answered

What Are CEEB Codes Your Questions Answered SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Between college applications and standardized testing, you’ve probably heard CEEB codes mentioned at some point during your high school career. You may have even wondered what they were other than mysterious four digit numbers. This guide will explain everything you need to know about CEEB codes. What Is a CEEB Code? CEEB codes are identification numbers for specific locations and organizations. They were created by the College Board (CEEB simply stands for College Entrance Examination Board, i.e. the College Board) toprevent confusion and ensure things like test scores, transcripts, and applications go to the right places. For example, including a CEEB code on a score report meant for Columbia University helps to make sure that it doesn’t go to Columbia College instead. Though the original use of CEEB codes was to send SAT scores, their uses have expanded and thereare now codes for colleges, high schools, countries, majors, scholarships and test centers. Who Uses CEEB Codes? The primary proponent of CEEB codes is obviously the College Board, but most schools and organizations involved in higher education in the United States use them for one purpose or another. Practically speaking, you’ll need them to identify recipients when sending SAT score reports, high school transcripts, and other documents. Don't worry too much about this, since most online applications and forms allow you to look up schools by name and then automatically fill in the correct code. How Are CEEB Codes Different from SAT Codes and ACT Codes? CEEB codes and SAT codes are different names for the same thing. The two are identical and are used interchangeably, so don't panic if someone mentions SAT codes. However, ACT, Inc. has its own set of school and scholarship codes, completely independent of the CEEB ones. They’re less widely accepted and are really only used to identify where you want to send ACT score reports. What Do CEEB Codes Mean for You? Generally speaking, you shouldn't worry about CEEB codes. They're a simple administrative part of the overall college application process. However, there are four key points you might want to keep in mind: You’ll definitely need CEEB codes to submit SAT scores and may need them to submit your high school transcripts. You’ll also use them to identify which majors you’re interested in. Most applications and forms, including the SAT registration and the Common App, have a built-in search function that allows you to find the school by name and then autofills the code. If you need to find a specific CEEB code, you can use the Code Search page on the College Board’s website. If you’re looking to send ACT scores as well, you’ll need to use different codes. Further Reading If you have more questions about signing up for the SAT, try our guides to the complete registration process (with pictures), the admission ticket, and the full cost and fees. Not sure where to apply? Check out our guide to how to pick the best college for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Free Essays on Earth

The earth completes its orbit about the sun in 365 days 5 hr 48 min 46 secthe length of the solar year. The moon passes through its phases in about 29 12 days; therefore, 12 lunar months (called a lunar year) amount to more than 354 days 8 hr 48 min. The discrepancy between the years is inescapable, and one of the major problems since early days has been to reconcile and harmonize solar and lunar reckonings. Some peoples have simply recorded time by the lunar cycle, but, as skill in calculation developed, the prevailing calculations generally came to depend upon a combination. The fact that months and years cannot be divided exactly by days and that the years cannot be easily divided into months has led to the device of intercalation (i.e., the insertion of extra days or months into a calendar to make it more accurate). The simplest form of this is shown in ancient calendars which have series of months alternating between 30 and 29 days, thus arriving at mean months of 29 12 days each. Similarly four years of about 365 14 days each can be approximated by taking three years of 365 days and a fourth year of 366. This fourth year with its intercalary day is the leap year. If calculations are by the lunar cycle, the surplus of the solar over the lunar year (365 over 354) can be somewhat rectified by adding an intercalary month of 33 days every three years. Reckoning of day and year was considered necessary by many ancient peoples to determine sacred days, to arrange plans for the future, and to keep some intelligible record of the past. There were, therefore, various efforts to gcn mbn tvthgcvreconcile the count in solar, lunar, and semilunar calendars, from the Egyptians and the Greeks to the Chinese and the Maya. The prevailing modern method of constructing a calendar in the Christian West came originally from the Egyptians, who worked out a formula for the solar year (12 months of 30 days each, five extra days a year, and... Free Essays on Earth Free Essays on Earth The earth completes its orbit about the sun in 365 days 5 hr 48 min 46 secthe length of the solar year. The moon passes through its phases in about 29 12 days; therefore, 12 lunar months (called a lunar year) amount to more than 354 days 8 hr 48 min. The discrepancy between the years is inescapable, and one of the major problems since early days has been to reconcile and harmonize solar and lunar reckonings. Some peoples have simply recorded time by the lunar cycle, but, as skill in calculation developed, the prevailing calculations generally came to depend upon a combination. The fact that months and years cannot be divided exactly by days and that the years cannot be easily divided into months has led to the device of intercalation (i.e., the insertion of extra days or months into a calendar to make it more accurate). The simplest form of this is shown in ancient calendars which have series of months alternating between 30 and 29 days, thus arriving at mean months of 29 12 days each. Similarly four years of about 365 14 days each can be approximated by taking three years of 365 days and a fourth year of 366. This fourth year with its intercalary day is the leap year. If calculations are by the lunar cycle, the surplus of the solar over the lunar year (365 over 354) can be somewhat rectified by adding an intercalary month of 33 days every three years. Reckoning of day and year was considered necessary by many ancient peoples to determine sacred days, to arrange plans for the future, and to keep some intelligible record of the past. There were, therefore, various efforts to gcn mbn tvthgcvreconcile the count in solar, lunar, and semilunar calendars, from the Egyptians and the Greeks to the Chinese and the Maya. The prevailing modern method of constructing a calendar in the Christian West came originally from the Egyptians, who worked out a formula for the solar year (12 months of 30 days each, five extra days a year, and...

Describe the importance of angiogenesis for the development and Essay

Describe the importance of angiogenesis for the development and treatment of cancer - Essay Example More than a dozen dissimilar proteins have been recognized as angiogenic activators and inhibitors as well. The extent of appearance of angiogenic factors reveals the forcefulness of tumor cells fostering the cancer. The detection of angiogenic inhibitors should assist in lowering both morbidity and possible mortality resulting from carcinomas. A significant number of patients have obtained antiangiogenic therapy up to this moment. In spite of their speculative effectiveness, antiangiogeic treatments have not demonstrated advantageous in terms of long-term survival of patient and the mitigation of the carcinoma (Kerbel 2040). There is an imperative necessity for a new all-inclusive treatment approach merging antiangiogenic agents with conservative cytoreductive treatment in the regulation of cancer that poses as worldwide menace. Keywords: Angiogenesis, Prognosis, Immunohistochemistry Introduction Cancer is capable of spreading to bordering or distant organs and the organ systems, wh ich renders it a potential threat to life. The tumor cells can go through blood or lymphatic vessels. Additionally, they can then circulate through the intravascular stream, and then propagate at another site: metastasis. The development of the vascular network is imperative for the metastatic multiplication of cancer tissue. The processes in which new blood and lymphatic vessels result are referred to as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, in that order (Shih, Lindley and Bevacizumab 1801). In this case both processes have a fundamental function in the generation of a new vascular net to supply nutrients, oxygen and immune cells into the system, as well as facilitating the elimination of waste products. The angiogenic and lymphangiogenic determinants are gradually more receiving consideration, particularly in the area dealing with neoplastic vascularisation (Gotink and Verheul 12). As per the above explanations, this exercise intends to describe the importance of angiogenesis for t he development and treatment of cancer. The description of the essence of the angiogenesis targets the provision of a comprehensive approach on the connection of the angiogenesis with cancer (Siemann 68). Therefore, it is logical to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the angiogenesis. Through this, it would be easier to understand the principles behind the operation and hence its exact means of development and cancer treatment by angiogenesis (Achen 550). Angiogenesis in Cancer Angiogenesis incorporate the formation of new blood vessels in a particular body tissue, tissues or organs (Nishida et al 213). The angiogenesis process entails the migration of endothelial cells, their growth and differentiation into tissues or specialized cells (Andre et al 178). The angiogenesis process is regulated by the bodily chemical signals (Cook p 232). The signals can foster both the repair of the deformed or damaged blood vessels and the creation of new blood vessels (Amioka et al. 416). The ch emical inhibitors are also chemical signals that intervene during the angiogenesis process and hence the formation of the blood vessels. Under the normal functionality of the body systems, the chemical signals are controlled so that the blood vessels are only formed at the required parts of the body organs (Boocock Charnock and Sharkey 512). Cancer only endangers life through the

Company law, study case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Company law, study case - Essay Example 1 Thus, in Rolled Steel Products (Holdings) Ltd v British Steel Corporation the disputed transaction was not held to be void. The court came to this decision as the transaction was not wholly beyond the capacity of the company.2 The directors of a private company with just one class of shares are permitted to allot the same class of shares. In addition, they can convert securities into such shares. 3 Moreover, such directors can grant rights to subscribe to such shares. However, these share allotment activities are subject to the prohibitions of the Companies Act 2006. 4 In all other instances, share allotment is permitted to the directors of the company, only if there is specific authorisation to do so by the Articles of Association of the company or there is a company resolution to that effect. Such authorisation has to specify the maximum number of shares that can be allotted under the authorisation. 5 As such, directors are instrumental in decision making and other critical funct ions of the company. The law relating to conflict of interests is intricate, and the director of a company should seek legal advice in this regard. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the company’s constitution provides the required authority to a director in a specific situation. 6 However, Section 175 of the Companies Act 2006 does not cover all the functions of the directors. For instance, it does not deal with instances, where a director intends to have transactions with his company. This should be permitted by the constitution of the company. Moreover, under the provisions of section 177, the director has to make proper disclose to the board of the company. 7 There should be proper flow of information to the directors of a company. This is indispensable for the proper and efficient functioning of the company. As such, it is obligator for the company board to ensure that the directors have a proper flow of information. This is essential, as there is a statutory ob ligation on directors to take into consideration particular matters at the time of taking decisions. 8 Companies formed prior to the enactment of the Companies Act 2006, can acquire the same status regarding the issue of shares, by resolving to excise the clause relating to authorised share capital from their articles of association. In addition, these companies should resolve to bestow upon their directors the powers granted under section 550 of the Companies Act 2006.9 Companies formed under the Companies Act 2006 are not limited with regard to the number of shares that they can issue. 10 Section 550 of this Act provides that in the absence of a specific prohibition in the articles of association, the directors of a company with only one class of shares are at liberty to allot shares without requiring the authorisation of the shareholders.11 In addition, section 550 of the Companies Act 2006 empowers the allotment of shares by the directors of a private company that has only one c lass of shares. Such allotment of shares does not require prior authority from the members of the company. Furthermore, this power can be precluded or restricted by the members, via the Articles of Association of the company.12 In our problem, Ben and Holly realized that the Kingdom Ltd company would not be in a position to grow without the obtention of further financing for

How EU policy affects the European Automotive Industry Essay

How EU policy affects the European Automotive Industry - Essay Example However, during the last five years, there has been a slowdown in economic output across the EU, and, while the forecasts are positive, modest growth of 2.0%-2.3% is expected in 2004. Weak growth has led to reduced consumer and business confidence. Industrial production has decreased, including the production of durable consumer goods. Levels of private consumption have fluctuated during early 2003, following modest growth in the previous two years. This is partly due to poor labor market conditions, with EU unemployment rising during 2003. Economic indicators are weak in some major EU economies such as Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Only the United Kingdom (UK) has managed to resist these trends (Trends and drivers). This has greatly affected the car industry, given the car's status as the ultimate consumer and fashion item, as well as the importance of engineering and design in the manufacturing process. Average profit margins have declined from around 10% in the 1960s to less t han 5% today, and some volume car makers are actually losing money (EMCC dossier). Despite increasing competition worldwide, European automotive has maintained a strong position in exports and global sales. The strong bond between Europe's vehicle manufacturers and the sophisticated customer base in the largest car market in the world constitutes a prominent competitive advantage, while the notable presence of European producers in emerging markets, such as China and the Russian Federation, offers a potential for future growth and profits (info-crono-archivio). Furthermore, EU enlargement created new opportunities for the European automotive industry. The combination of expertise, affordable labor and the proximity to the large European markets has led to the emergence of a very dynamic cluster in the new Member States - especially Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Hungary (info-crono-archivio).Despite these advantages, many challenges remain: the EU automotive industry lags behind the US and Japan in terms of productivity. Labor productivity in the EU-15 is 25 per cent lower than in the US and 30 per cent lower than in Japan; labor costs per hour worked in the EU-15 are comparable to those in the US, but more than ten per cent above those in Japan and almost three times as high as in Korea (data for 2001, converted using purchasing power parities). Annual working time in the automotive industry in EU-15 is more than 20 per cent shorter than in the US (in 2001); there are major technological challenges ahead, most prominently the fuel cell (info-crono-archivio). Influences of EU policies European legislation is one of the main drivers of the European automotive industry. Emissions and recycling legislation have a strong impact both on vehicle technologies and construction (Trends and drivers). EC, industry and consumer concerns for environmental sustainability, road safety and mobility have led to a number of significant technological developments. These have both positive and negative effects on profitability. For example, a limited number of specialist high technology suppliers might prosper while vehicle makers see their already narrow profit margins cut even further. Such a development would make vehicle makers vulnerable to further consolidation and restrict

Acromegaly Essay Example for Free

Acromegaly Essay I. Introduction The human body contains various structures and organs that allow regulations and maintenance of homeostasis. Foundation is built through the framework of the skeletal system, motion is possible due to the muscular system humans have and other body systems that allow humans to perform daily actions. All of this anatomical structures are possible due to the two main controlling system found in the body; the nervous system and endocrine system. The nervous system can be considered as information processor of the human body, but for it to be more effective in transferring and processing information; it works in tandem with the endocrine system. The purpose of the endocrine system is to act in response to the information the nervous system has processed. The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that are secreted to the bloodstream to be spread in specific target organs in the body. Seven major glands are found in the body, in which each gland works to ensure that the body develops properly and be regulated to maintain homeostasis. However, certain conditions are inevitable in the human body and anything bad or harmful to the endocrine system can affect a human’s development and growth. II. Endocrine Disorder  The Disorder Each person is unique and grows differently from each other. Various aspects can be considered when considering diversity. These aspects can be factors of the development of the human body itself. Some may be hereditary, inborn and some can be a result of exposure to unhealthy surrounding. A person grows, but there are cases where growing exceeds the normal rate and reaches to extreme compare to other people. This occurrence is called acromegaly, in which the secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary gland exceeds its normal production even after the growth plates in the body has closed already. Thus, making structures and bones that are still responsive to growth hormone particularly in the hands, feet and face to overgrow (Marieb, 2010). Acquiring the Disorder Acromegaly is a disorder of hyper secretion of growth hormone, in which the chances of getting it is very rare and can vary through the development of the human body. This condition is due to abnormal production of growth hormone that functions to determine body size, affecting tissues in the body. From muscle growth, short, facial bones to the long bones of the body, growth hormone acts as a metabolic hormone that affects human size and shape in an extensive period of time. It is very comparable to a person with gigantism disorder, only difference is that in acromegaly there is a continuous growth of different structures in the body even though the growth plates have closes. The chance of getting this disorder is low, estimated 40 to 60 out of a million people yet it is hard to identify early on (Abbassioun, 2006). One person can develop and acquire the disorder and not be able to notice it right away. Gender and Age Preference of the Disorder The fact that acromegaly is a disorder in the endocrine system, there is an equal chance of male and female acquiring it, unlike if it was a disorder in the reproductive system. Both sex has a percentage of 55 to 59 patients in a million on acquiring the disease (Parkinson, 2003). It seems very few but many of the people that have the disorder tend to disregard or notice it. There is a possibility that the disorder will take years before a patient will notice the major changes of appearance in the body. Even though some may notice it, there are high chances that the person that has it will not look for medical help for treating the disorder. In terms of age bracket, in children when there is an overgrowth it is often termed as gigantism. However, when it exceeds beyond the child age limit, on adults to be exact, it is highly considered as acromegaly. Geographical Preference of the Disorder Acromegaly is a rare disorder in the endocrine system with certain treatments and therapy to reduce the chances of the disorder from getting worse. Worldwide, acromegaly is equally distributed, however, the number of cases left untreated is often found in many developing countries. With the inability to pay for treatments and therapy and the lack of professional skill, most cases of acromegaly in developing countries are not cured. Fatality of the Disorder The increase of size and mass of bones, muscles and many tissues in the body as a result of acromegaly tends to disrupt the normal functions of many organs. For instance, the enlargement of the bones can overgrow faster than tissues and structures around it. In some cases, it can cause cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease due to the enlargement of bones and muscles that inhibits both cardiovascular and respiratory system to function normally. Bones can also get brittle and fragile and even result in more chronic disease such as osteoporosis. Treatment of the Disorder There are numerous treatments on the condition of acromegaly. Certain therapies and treatments worldwide are known to be effective. Out of a hundred patients with acromegaly, 60 of those patients can be cured through surgery (Stewart, 2000). In particular, the reductions of growth hormone levels are the most effective treatment known today for cases of acromegaly. If things comes to worse, the removal of a tumor in the anterior pituitary is the most practical thing to do to take out excessive amount of growth hormone. However, treatment of acromegaly cannot change back what the disorder have already done to the human body such as bone deformities (Bolanowski, 2006). III. Topic Hormone  Growth hormone or somatotropin is the hormone involved in the disorder of acromegaly. Produced by somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, it functions as a metabolic hormone and determinant of body size. Growth hormones functions mainly on growth effects but it also has other aiding purpose in different parts of the body such as mobilization of fats, blood level increase, glycogen breakdown and more. The chemical nature of this hormone is protein based, hence the name somatotropin. It is originally made in the hypothalamus where it is secreted, then passes through the anterior pituitary gland before it enters the bloodstream. It is regulated through negative feedback, inhibiting the release of growth hormones when the amount in the bloodstream is high already. In terms of target tissues, it is very general, pretty much all the bone structure and most of the muscular system is affected by the growth hormone. It also has a very short half-life, ranging from twenty to thirty minutes. Typically, growth hormones are secreted the most during sleep; however, it decreases with age. Growth hormones cannot be naturally conjugated due to its own ability to inhibit its release when it is too much in the body already. IV. Mechanism of Action  Normal Effect of Growth Hormone The release of growth hormone in the body is due to two hormones that has antagonistic effects found in the hypothalamus. Growth hormone-releasing hormone or GHRH activates growth hormone release when it is needed to synthesize protein and does its growth promoting functions in the body. Inhibition of its secretion is due to the release of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone or GHIH (Marieb, 2010). GHIH is triggered by increase on levels of growth hormone in the bloodstream. There are two ways growth hormone can be classified in terms of when it is activated. First is indirect action, where it functions as a growth promoter. Second is direct actions such as metabolism and anti- insulin. Effect of Growth Hormone to Person with Acromegaly Hypersecretion of growth hormone is the major cause of acromegaly, Over secretion of growth hormone in children can be considered as gigantism, however, in adults, which age bracket shouldn’t grow bigger than before, an occurrence of over secretion of growth hormone is considered acromegaly. With gigantism body grows at a proportion, to say the least. In the disorder of acromegaly, a body part grows while certain structures everywhere else in the body doesn’t, which result in oversized parts of the body such as the hand or face. The main receptors of growth hormone on its indirect actions are skeletal and muscular.

Ts Eliot Mood And Theme :: essays research papers

T.S. Eliot -mood and theme WITH REFERENCE TO THE LOVE SONG OF J. ALFRED PRUFROCK AND PREDULES. DISCUSS HOW T.S. ELIOT CONVEYS MOOD AND THEMES. Both Prufrock and Preludes are based in the same rootless world of sordid tedium. In Prufrock Eliot is conveying a theme a strong theme and is based heavily in the Persona of Prufrock himself. Preludes is a poem of changing moods, some subtle, some profound but this time conveyed primarily through diction and repetition. One theme of Eliot's, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, is the exposure of the modern individual's inability and refusal to address inadequacies that he sees in both him and his society. Two ways Eliot conveys his theme is through the persona of Prufrock and repetition . One method used by Eliot to expose this theme is his use of the persona of J Alfred Prufrock. Prufrock is in part a shallow conformist, 41 ....My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin, 42 My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin- 43 (They will say: 'But how his arms and legs are thin!')...... However, almost tragically, Eliot has Prufrock aware of the shallowness of the society to which he conforms. 26 There will be time, there will be time 27 To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet. Prufrock observes his society's ability to totally disregard any question of substance, that is, the 'overwhelming'; questions. Yet despite his observations Prufrock is not prepared to confront his society, more importantly, himself. In deeper tragedy Prufrock is defeated by his knowledge of his inadequacies and states quite sincerely, 'And in short, I was afraid'; Two of the minor themes of 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock' concern the frustrations felt by the individual towards their society. Specifically the individuals insignificance in their society and the individuals inability to express themselves and be understood as an individual within that society. Repetition plays a crucial role in conveying the theme of insignificance. The r epetition of, 'They will say:..';, conveys Prufrock's feeling of insignificance and reveal a man totally absorbed in the judgments of others and not at all concerned with his worth as an individual. Eliot's repetition of 'Do I dare?'; within the sixth stanza emphasises Prufrock's feeling of insignificance. 'Do I dare/ Disturb the universe?'; Despite the superficial judgments his society passes on him, Prufrock is still hesitant in speaking out against their empty lives.